Supplementary material

Published

February 17, 2026

1 Material and Methods

1.1 Study sites

Overview of study sites, including scheme ('P' = professional, 'V' = volunteer-based), location (lon, lat), area, number of used nets and total effort in 1000 hm², as well as distance to field margin (dist), weed infestation and maize and AST (area covered with shrubs and trees) cover within a 500 m radius (mean (min-max)).
site scheme lon lat area [ha] nets effort dist weed maize AST
BB-A1-23 P 14.3603 52.5073 80.5 10 15.2 29 (14-50) 0.57 (0.35-0.8) 0.36 (0.31-0.41) 0.02 (0.02-0.02)
BB-A2-23 P 14.3581 52.5085 80.5 10 15.2 169 (155-185) 0.81 (0.5-0.95) 0.43 (0.39-0.46) 0.02 (0.02-0.02)
BB-B1-23 P 14.4274 52.5242 46.4 10 20.7 61 (15-112) 0.31 (0.1-0.8) 0.43 (0.39-0.47) 0.03 (0.03-0.03)
BB-C1-23 P 14.4406 52.5321 21.9 10 23.3 47 (8-90) 0.3 (0.05-0.8) 0.31 (0.26-0.37) 0.05 (0.05-0.06)
BB-C2-23 P 14.4462 52.5346 21.9 10 21.8 38 (12-84) 0.52 (0.1-0.85) 0.23 (0.22-0.25) 0.04 (0.04-0.04)
BB-D1-23 P 14.3638 52.4520 54.5 10 14.5 50 (18-87) 0.1 (0-0.35) 0.95 (0.94-0.97) 0.03 (0.02-0.04)
BB-D2-23 P 14.3587 52.4513 54.5 10 18.7 78 (16-118) 0.13 (0-0.5) 0.82 (0.78-0.85) 0.09 (0.08-0.1)
BB-D3-23 P 14.3556 52.4525 15.7 5 6.1 11 (11-12) 0.44 (0.1-0.8) 0.73 (0.72-0.73) 0.15 (0.15-0.15)
BB-E1-23 P 14.3661 52.4390 8.7 10 13.9 62 (14-94) 0.1 (0.05-0.2) 0.42 (0.2-0.49) 0.37 (0.36-0.39)
BB-F1-23 P 14.3974 52.4389 147.5 10 8.7 91 (16-157) 0.17 (0.05-0.5) 0.59 (0.46-0.73) 0.02 (0.01-0.02)
BB-F2-23 P 14.3950 52.4361 147.5 10 8.7 120 (18-191) 0.17 (0.05-0.35) 0.54 (0.38-0.69) 0.18 (0.15-0.2)
BB-MF-16 V 13.9592 52.9324 32.0 16 19.9 55 (4-137) 0.38 (0.05-0.9) 0.35 (0.24-0.4) 0.39 (0.32-0.43)
BW-G1-22 P 9.0770 48.4752 0.5 10 27.0 12 (2-31) 0.25 (0.05-0.85) 0.08 (0.04-0.14) 0.54 (0.53-0.56)
BW-G2-22 P 9.0920 48.4671 1.3 10 25.5 19 (1-42) 0.1 (0.05-0.3) 0.16 (0.15-0.18) 0.2 (0.19-0.21)
BW-G3-22 P 9.0775 48.4678 6.7 8 9.0 8 (8-9) 0.02 (0-0.05) 0.14 (0.14-0.14) 0.11 (0.08-0.13)
BW-HS-17 V 8.5615 47.6378 2.2 6 2.6 8 (2-11) 0.03 (0-0.05) 0.23 (0.21-0.25) 0.5 (0.49-0.51)
BW-HS-19 V 8.5858 47.6013 1.9 7 4.0 25 (8-31) 0 (0-0) 0.12 (0.12-0.12) 0.5 (0.47-0.51)
BW-HS-20 V 8.5838 47.6372 4.9 7 3.8 10 (5-11) 0.05 (0.05-0.05) 0.23 (0.23-0.24) 0.39 (0.36-0.41)
BW-HS-21 V 8.5857 47.6013 1.9 6 3.5 22 (11-26) 0.1 (0.1-0.1) 0.08 (0.08-0.08) 0.49 (0.47-0.53)
BW-HS-23 V 8.5860 47.6013 1.9 6 3.7 22 (11-26) 0.05 (0.05-0.15) 0.11 (0.1-0.11) 0.51 (0.49-0.52)
BW-K1-22 P 8.9934 48.4764 1.4 10 7.7 23 (2-40) 0.34 (0.05-0.8) 0.09 (0.08-0.1) 0.3 (0.28-0.32)
BW-L1-22 P 8.8893 48.4199 1.6 10 14.6 25 (11-36) 0.61 (0.2-0.95) 0.07 (0.05-0.11) 0.1 (0.1-0.1)
BW-M1-22 P 8.9409 48.4571 0.8 10 16.7 17 (8-28) 0.5 (0.05-0.9) 0.02 (0.02-0.02) 0.57 (0.57-0.57)
BW-M2-22 P 8.9598 48.4673 0.7 10 15.8 8 (2-11) 0.56 (0.2-0.9) 0.13 (0.13-0.13) 0.32 (0.29-0.34)
BW-S1-22 P 9.0691 48.4621 10.3 10 7.7 33 (5-67) 0.26 (0-0.85) 0.16 (0.12-0.18) 0.19 (0.19-0.19)
BW-S2-22 P 9.0783 48.4650 5.0 10 8.0 27 (6-54) 0.37 (0.05-0.8) 0.26 (0.18-0.31) 0.12 (0.09-0.15)
BW-SR-20 V 9.0008 48.4918 6.1 8 16.0 20 (15-29) 0.71 (0.2-0.9) 0.21 (0.2-0.23) 0.11 (0.11-0.12)
BW-WH-23 V 9.2773 47.7657 17.9 7 6.1 45 (14-62) 0.68 (0.2-0.85) 0.27 (0.26-0.28) 0.26 (0.23-0.29)
BW-Z1-22 P 9.1641 48.5251 0.7 10 12.2 11 (2-18) 0.3 (0.1-0.6) 0.09 (0.04-0.12) 0.18 (0.18-0.19)
BW-Z2-22 P 9.1822 48.5386 1.1 10 11.2 15 (5-23) 0.03 (0-0.1) 0.03 (0.02-0.03) 0.22 (0.21-0.23)
BW-Z3-22 P 9.1729 48.5310 0.4 10 11.2 8 (2-15) 0.5 (0.05-0.9) 0.15 (0.06-0.18) 0.15 (0.14-0.15)
BY-TS-23 V 10.7545 49.8143 2.4 4 5.7 38 (23-52) 0.02 (0-0.05) 0.17 (0.17-0.17) 0.1 (0.09-0.1)
HE-LL-18 V 8.6656 50.5198 1.8 18 13.2 29 (6-60) 0 (0-0) 0.02 (0.02-0.02) 0.06 (0.06-0.06)
MV-EH-20 V 11.9932 54.0383 17.6 6 11.9 14 (12-15) 0.31 (0.2-0.5) 0.43 (0.4-0.45) 0.02 (0.02-0.02)
MV-EH-21 V 11.9926 54.0425 13.0 6 9.4 65 (64-66) 0.17 (0.1-0.3) 0.2 (0.19-0.21) 0.01 (0.01-0.01)
MV-EH-22 V 11.9717 54.0365 32.9 11 20.2 37 (24-74) 0.12 (0.05-0.3) 0.28 (0.27-0.31) 0.04 (0.04-0.04)
MV-EH-23 V 11.9387 54.0425 24.6 11 24.2 38 (20-45) 0.26 (0.05-0.6) 0.39 (0.27-0.45) 0.02 (0.02-0.02)
MV-EH-24 V 11.9398 54.0376 14.3 11 15.0 41 (23-84) 0.58 (0.2-0.9) 0.32 (0.3-0.33) 0.1 (0.09-0.11)
MV-SK-22 V 13.7864 53.5544 14.2 8 5.1 18 (0-30) 0.07 (0.05-0.15) 0.15 (0.14-0.15) 0.12 (0.11-0.12)
MV-SK-23 V 13.7864 53.5544 14.2 5 6.6 21 (6-32) 0.23 (0.15-0.35) 0.15 (0.14-0.15) 0.12 (0.12-0.12)
MV-SK-24 V 13.6898 53.7723 186.5 11 9.9 78 (33-121) 0.06 (0.05-0.1) 0.52 (0.47-0.57) 0.07 (0.07-0.07)
NI-AG-23 V 8.4266 52.7696 11.9 6 6.5 23 (22-23) 0.07 (0.05-0.1) 0.31 (0.3-0.31) 0.08 (0.08-0.08)
NI-CG-17 V 8.1725 53.0964 8.1 4 4.3 30 (27-32) 0.42 (0.1-0.8) 0.41 (0.38-0.42) 0.15 (0.14-0.16)
NI-CG-18 V 8.1702 53.1001 7.8 5 6.2 49 (36-67) 0 (0-0) 0.28 (0.27-0.29) 0.21 (0.2-0.21)
NI-HO-18 V 10.2114 52.3546 7.3 4 6.2 15 (15-16) 0.05 (0-0.05) 0.09 (0.09-0.09) 0.07 (0.07-0.07)
NI-MT-17 V 7.8367 53.4728 2.6 9 6.0 20 (14-21) 0.29 (0-0.55) 0.19 (0.19-0.19) 0.09 (0.09-0.1)
NI-N1-24 P 7.9068 52.8263 35.0 10 15.0 33 (4-78) 0.59 (0.15-1) 0.64 (0.62-0.65) 0.04 (0.04-0.04)
NI-N2-24 P 7.9085 52.8271 35.0 10 15.0 31 (2-73) 0.49 (0.2-0.85) 0.65 (0.65-0.66) 0.05 (0.05-0.06)
NI-R1-24 P 8.0539 52.9529 13.8 10 21.1 26 (3-68) 0.05 (0-0.15) 0.5 (0.48-0.52) 0.04 (0.04-0.05)
NI-R2-24 P 8.0683 52.9651 14.1 15 32.9 72 (5-145) 0.44 (0.15-0.75) 0.61 (0.59-0.63) 0.02 (0.02-0.03)
NI-SH-17 V 10.0097 53.2973 32.7 5 5.0 38 (20-54) 0.48 (0.1-0.85) 0.4 (0.39-0.4) 0.18 (0.18-0.19)
NI-SH-21 V 10.0460 53.2866 11.7 5 4.4 14 (6-19) 0.15 (0.05-0.5) 0.28 (0.28-0.29) 0.42 (0.41-0.43)
NI-SH-23 V 10.0435 53.2909 7.0 6 6.6 13 (10-14) 0.14 (0-0.78) 0.31 (0.3-0.31) 0.21 (0.21-0.21)
NI-V1-24 P 8.0221 52.8852 15.9 10 18.0 39 (16-55) 0.47 (0.15-0.9) 0.33 (0.31-0.35) 0.29 (0.27-0.31)
NI-V2-24 P 8.0287 52.8866 26.3 10 15.0 58 (13-108) 0.3 (0.1-0.65) 0.43 (0.37-0.45) 0.36 (0.34-0.43)
NI-W1-24 P 8.1117 52.9008 2.4 10 15.0 16 (7-25) 0.53 (0.1-1) 0.23 (0.22-0.23) 0.38 (0.37-0.4)
NI-W2-24 P 8.1028 52.9231 13.4 10 14.0 72 (23-116) 0.2 (0.05-0.7) 0.43 (0.41-0.46) 0.13 (0.11-0.16)
RP-DK-17 V 8.2809 49.3636 4.8 8 9.1 50 (47-54) 0.56 (0.4-0.7) 0.19 (0.19-0.2) 0.1 (0.09-0.1)
RP-DK-18 V 8.2910 49.3643 3.4 7 11.0 23 (11-39) 0 (0-0) 0.13 (0.13-0.13) 0.04 (0.04-0.05)
RP-DK-19 V 8.2902 49.3683 2.3 6 10.7 19 (16-23) 0.1 (0.1-0.1) 0.15 (0.14-0.17) 0.05 (0.05-0.05)
RP-DK-23 V 8.2843 49.3632 2.1 9 12.1 25 (7-43) 0.78 (0.7-0.8) 0.09 (0.09-0.1) 0.12 (0.11-0.12)
RP-DK-24 V 8.2909 49.3643 3.2 7 11.4 9 (4-11) 0.12 (0.05-0.15) 0.15 (0.15-0.16) 0.07 (0.07-0.08)
RP-MH-17 V 8.2953 49.4999 2.0 3 3.9 13 (12-14) 0.33 (0.25-0.4) 0.03 (0.03-0.03) 0.23 (0.23-0.23)
RP-MH-18 V 8.3027 49.5008 1.5 6 7.2 8 (3-16) 0 (0-0) 0.19 (0.19-0.2) 0.21 (0.21-0.22)
RP-MH-19 V 8.2951 49.4999 2.1 6 7.7 12 (10-13) 0.05 (0.05-0.05) 0.18 (0.17-0.18) 0.22 (0.22-0.23)
RP-MH-20 V 8.3138 49.4896 2.4 6 10.1 22 (9-45) 0.05 (0.05-0.05) 0.04 (0.04-0.04) 0.05 (0.05-0.05)
RP-MH-23 V 8.3138 49.4895 2.1 6 15.7 22 (7-45) 0.22 (0.05-0.3) 0.09 (0.08-0.09) 0.05 (0.05-0.05)
RP-MH-24 V 8.3104 49.4992 2.3 6 6.1 14 (6-22) 0.13 (0-0.35) 0.16 (0.15-0.17) 0.07 (0.07-0.07)
SH-JH-17 V 10.2349 53.5791 15.2 6 14.2 14 (2-25) 0.04 (0-0.4) 0.21 (0.2-0.21) 0.13 (0.13-0.14)
SH-JH-18 V 10.2414 53.5833 4.8 6 10.1 40 (18-53) 0.29 (0.05-0.9) 0.1 (0.1-0.11) 0.16 (0.15-0.16)
SH-JH-19 V 10.2375 53.5808 15.2 6 11.0 105 (63-133) 0.02 (0-0.3) 0.23 (0.23-0.23) 0.12 (0.11-0.13)
SL-SB-23 V 6.8460 49.3374 2.6 4 4.0 43 (42-45) 0.65 (0.43-0.8) 0.03 (0.03-0.03) 0.34 (0.33-0.35)
ST-MS-17 V 12.0597 51.7390 2.5 10 14.4 22 (4-39) 0.02 (0-0.1) 0.29 (0.25-0.32) 0.1 (0.1-0.11)
ST-MS-19 V 12.1521 51.7301 86.6 8 8.6 114 (99-129) 0.05 (0-0.1) 0.83 (0.82-0.84) 0.04 (0.04-0.04)
ST-WH-19 V 12.1531 51.7966 10.4 6 6.3 30 (29-30) 0.12 (0.1-0.2) 0.26 (0.26-0.27) 0.04 (0.03-0.04)
ST-WH-21 V 12.1414 51.8075 10.3 6 6.6 28 (23-30) 0.25 (0-1) 0.32 (0.32-0.33) 0.22 (0.2-0.25)
ST-WH-23 V 12.1535 51.7966 10.1 6 5.4 34 (32-36) 0.86 (0.6-1) 0.14 (0.14-0.14) 0.04 (0.03-0.04)

1.2 Effort

Figure 1: Overview of annual trapping effort per decade of the year. Numbers in brackets give the total number of sites per year. For reference: end of July/start of August = decade 21, end of August/start of September = decade 24, end of September/start of October = decade 27, end of October/start of November = decade 30.

1.3 OSM attributes

OpenStreetMap attributes used for landscape shares (key, value), type of geometry used (points, polygons, multipolygons, lines, multilines), assigned landscape, and buffer in m used to create polygons from point, line and mutliline objects.
key value points polygons multipolygons lines multilines Landscape buffer_m
natural water FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE water 2
waterway NA FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE water 2
highway motorway FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 10
highway trunk FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 8
highway primary FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 5
highway secondary FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 5
highway tertiary FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 4
highway residential FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 4
highway motorway_link FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 4
highway trunk_link FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 4
highway road FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 4
highway unclassified FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 3
highway primary_link FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 4
highway secondary_link FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 4
highway tertiary_link FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 4
highway track FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE infra 2
natural scrub FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE shrub 1
natural shrubbery FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE shrub 2
natural tree TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE shrub 4
natural tree_row TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE shrub 4
natural wood FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE forest 4
natural heath FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE shrub 2
natural grassland FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE grassland 2
landuse forest FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE forest 4
landuse orchard FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE shrub 4
landuse meadow FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE grassland 2
landuse commercial FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE settlement 0
landuse construction FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE settlement 0
landuse education FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE settlement 0
landuse fairground FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE settlement 0
landuse industrial FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE settlement 0
landuse residential FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE settlement 0
landuse retail FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE settlement 0
landuse institutional FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE settlement 0
landuse farmyard FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE settlement 0
landuse cemetery FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE shrub 0
landuse greenfield FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE grassland 0
landuse vineyard FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE wine 0

1.4 Predictors

1.5 Trait groups

Overview of species trapped in maize fields and their attribution to different trait groups. Habitat density levels: 1 = dense, 2 = semi-open, 3 = open. Red List categories: * = least concern, 2 = endangered, 3 = vulnerable, 4 = near threatened
species name
trait
scientific english migration habitat habitat density primary lifestyle Red List GER
Accipiter nisus Sparrowhawk short-distance forests 1 Insessorial *
Acrocephalus arundinaceus Great Reed Warbler long-distance wetlands 3 Insessorial *
Acrocephalus palustris Marsh Warbler long-distance farmland 3 Insessorial *
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Sedge Warbler long-distance wetlands 3 Insessorial *
Acrocephalus scirpaceus Eurasian Reed Warbler long-distance wetlands 3 Insessorial *
Aegithalos caudatus Long-tailed Tit resident forests 2 Insessorial *
Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark short-distance farmland 3 Terrestrial 3
Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher short-distance wetlands 2 Insessorial *
Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit long-distance forests 2 Terrestrial 4
Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch short-distance several 2 Insessorial *
Certhia brachydactyla Short-toed Treecreeper resident forests 1 Insessorial *
Chloris chloris European Greenfinch short-distance settlement 2 Generalist *
Cyanecula svecica Bluethroat long-distance wetlands 2 Generalist *
Cyanistes caeruleus Blue Tit resident forests 1 Insessorial *
Delichon urbicum Northern House Martin long-distance settlement 3 Aerial 3
Dendrocopos major Great Spotted Woodpecker resident forests 1 Insessorial *
Dryobates minor Lesser Spotted Woodpecker resident forests 1 Insessorial 3
Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer short-distance farmland 3 Terrestrial *
Emberiza hortulana Ortolan Bunting long-distance farmland 2 Generalist 2
Emberiza schoeniclus Reed Bunting short-distance wetlands 2 Terrestrial *
Erithacus rubecula European Robin short-distance forests 1 Generalist *
Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel short-distance farmland 3 Aerial *
Ficedula hypoleuca European Pied Flycatcher long-distance forests 1 Insessorial 3
Fringilla coelebs Common Chaffinch short-distance forests 2 Generalist *
Fringilla montifringilla Brambling short-distance forests 1 Generalist *
Hippolais icterina Icterine Warbler long-distance several 1 Insessorial *
Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow long-distance settlement 3 Aerial 4
Jynx torquilla Eurasian Wryneck short-distance several 1 Terrestrial 3
Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike long-distance farmland 3 Insessorial *
Linaria cannabina Eurasian Linnet short-distance several 2 Terrestrial 3
Locustella fluviatilis River Warbler long-distance wetlands 3 Generalist *
Locustella luscinioides Savi's Warbler long-distance wetlands 3 Generalist *
Locustella naevia Common Grasshopper Warbler long-distance farmland 2 Generalist 2
Lophophanes cristatus Crested Tit resident forests 1 Insessorial *
Luscinia megarhynchos Common Nightingale long-distance several 1 Generalist *
Lymnocryptes minimus Jack Snipe long-distance wetlands 3 Terrestrial *
Motacilla alba White Wagtail short-distance settlement 3 Terrestrial *
Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail short-distance several 3 Terrestrial *
Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail long-distance farmland 3 Terrestrial *
Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher long-distance several 1 Insessorial 4
Parus major Great Tit resident several 2 Insessorial *
Passer domesticus House Sparrow resident settlement 3 Terrestrial *
Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow resident farmland 2 Terrestrial 4
Perdix perdix Grey Partridge resident farmland 3 Terrestrial 2
Periparus ater Coal Tit resident forests 1 Insessorial *
Phasianus colchicus Common Pheasant resident farmland 2 Terrestrial *
Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart short-distance settlement 3 Insessorial *
Phoenicurus phoenicurus Common Redstart long-distance several 1 Insessorial *
Phylloscopus collybita Common Chiffchaff short-distance forests 1 Insessorial *
Phylloscopus inornatus Yellow-browed Warbler long-distance forests 1 Insessorial *
Phylloscopus sibilatrix Wood Warbler long-distance forests 1 Insessorial *
Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler long-distance forests 1 Insessorial *
Pica pica Eurasian Magpie resident settlement 3 Terrestrial *
Poecile montanus Willow Tit resident forests 1 Insessorial *
Poecile palustris Marsh Tit resident forests 1 Insessorial *
Prunella modularis Dunnock short-distance several 2 Terrestrial *
Pyrrhula pyrrhula Eurasian Bullfinch resident forests 2 Insessorial *
Regulus ignicapilla Firecrest short-distance forests 1 Insessorial *
Regulus regulus Goldcrest short-distance forests 1 Insessorial *
Saxicola rubetra Whinchat long-distance farmland 2 Insessorial 2
Saxicola rubicola Common Stonechat short-distance farmland 3 Insessorial *
Sitta europaea Eurasian Nuthatch resident forests 1 Insessorial *
Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling short-distance farmland 3 Insessorial 3
Sylvia atricapilla Blackcap short-distance forests 1 Insessorial *
Sylvia borin Garden Warbler long-distance forests 1 Insessorial *
Sylvia communis Common Whitethroat long-distance farmland 3 Insessorial *
Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat long-distance several 3 Insessorial *
Troglodytes troglodytes Eurasian Wren short-distance forests 1 Insessorial *
Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird short-distance several 2 Generalist *
Turdus philomelos Song Thrush short-distance forests 1 Generalist *
Turdus viscivorus Mistle Thrush short-distance forests 2 Insessorial *

2 Results

These figures display the predicted bird densities (for species and trait groups) or species diversity (for diversity) for different covariates (proportion of maize, proportion of AST, distance to field margin, weed infestation, decade of the year). The used reference radius is 0.5 km. When predicting for one covariate, other covariates were set to their mean values. The figures are interactive, so you can remove groups by selecting them in the legend or hover across lines to show exact values. Reference for decade of the year: end of July/start of August = decade 21, end of August/start of September = decade 24, end of September/start of October = decade 27, end of October/start of November = decade 30. Reference for habitat density levels: 1 = dense, 2 = semi-open, 3 = open. Reference for Red List categories: * = least concern, 2 = endangered, 3 = vulnerable, 4 = near threatened.